Learn on PengiHistory Alive! The Medieval World and BeyondChapter 5: Imperial China

Lesson 2: China Develops a New Economy

In this Grade 7 lesson from History Alive! The Medieval World and Beyond, students explore how China developed one of the world's most advanced economies during the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279 C.E.). The lesson focuses on key drivers of economic growth including the introduction of champa rice, new farming techniques such as terracing and chain pump irrigation, and the expansion of trade and commerce along the Grand Canal. Students also examine how agricultural surpluses fueled urbanization and raised China's standard of living above that of any other civilization at the time.

Section 1

Marco Polo's Travels Fuel European Curiosity

Key Idea

In 1275, an Italian merchant named Marco Polo traveled along safe Mongol trade routes all the way to China. He served the emperor, Kublai Khan, and was amazed by the empire's incredible wealth, advanced technology, and bustling cities.

When Polo returned to Europe, he published a book about his travels. His descriptions of a golden palace and other riches captivated readers. These stories sparked a powerful desire among Europeans to find new sea routes to Asia and gain access to its treasures.

Section 2

New Rice Feeds a Growing China

Key Idea

During the Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese farming shifted to the warmer, wetter south. Farmers there began cultivating a new, fast-growing grain from Vietnam called champa rice. This special rice allowed them to harvest two crops a year instead of just one.

Along with better irrigation and new tools, this agricultural revolution created a massive food surplus. With plenty of food, China’s population grew to over 100 million people. This boom supported the growth of large cities and a thriving economy.

Section 3

Trade and Innovation Create Wealth

Key Idea

China’s agricultural boom created a surplus of food. Farmers sold their extra rice, which generated new wealth. This allowed more people to buy and sell goods, sparking a commercial revolution.

Merchants used the Grand Canal, a massive waterway, to transport goods between northern and southern China. This trade network met a growing demand for luxury items like silk and porcelain.

Section 4

China's Cities Become Centers of Commerce

Key Idea

The boom in farming and trade created a process of urbanization, where cities grew rapidly. Merchants, workers, and officials flocked to these growing urban areas to find new opportunities. This movement of people transformed small towns into massive cities.

By the Song dynasty, some Chinese cities were the largest in the world. The southern city of Hangzhou had over a million residents. It was a bustling center of commerce filled with markets, restaurants, and teahouses, offering a vibrant social and cultural life.

Lesson overview

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Section 1

Marco Polo's Travels Fuel European Curiosity

Key Idea

In 1275, an Italian merchant named Marco Polo traveled along safe Mongol trade routes all the way to China. He served the emperor, Kublai Khan, and was amazed by the empire's incredible wealth, advanced technology, and bustling cities.

When Polo returned to Europe, he published a book about his travels. His descriptions of a golden palace and other riches captivated readers. These stories sparked a powerful desire among Europeans to find new sea routes to Asia and gain access to its treasures.

Section 2

New Rice Feeds a Growing China

Key Idea

During the Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese farming shifted to the warmer, wetter south. Farmers there began cultivating a new, fast-growing grain from Vietnam called champa rice. This special rice allowed them to harvest two crops a year instead of just one.

Along with better irrigation and new tools, this agricultural revolution created a massive food surplus. With plenty of food, China’s population grew to over 100 million people. This boom supported the growth of large cities and a thriving economy.

Section 3

Trade and Innovation Create Wealth

Key Idea

China’s agricultural boom created a surplus of food. Farmers sold their extra rice, which generated new wealth. This allowed more people to buy and sell goods, sparking a commercial revolution.

Merchants used the Grand Canal, a massive waterway, to transport goods between northern and southern China. This trade network met a growing demand for luxury items like silk and porcelain.

Section 4

China's Cities Become Centers of Commerce

Key Idea

The boom in farming and trade created a process of urbanization, where cities grew rapidly. Merchants, workers, and officials flocked to these growing urban areas to find new opportunities. This movement of people transformed small towns into massive cities.

By the Song dynasty, some Chinese cities were the largest in the world. The southern city of Hangzhou had over a million residents. It was a bustling center of commerce filled with markets, restaurants, and teahouses, offering a vibrant social and cultural life.