Learn on PengiAoPS: Introduction to Algebra (AMC 8 & 10)Chapter 18: Polynomials

Lesson 2: Multiplication

In this Grade 4 AMC Math lesson from AoPS: Introduction to Algebra, students learn how to multiply polynomials using the distributive property and an organized column method modeled after integer multiplication. The lesson covers key concepts including degree of a product, leading terms, constant terms, and monic polynomials, with worked examples such as expanding expressions like (3y² − 2y + 3)(y³ − 2y² + y − 7). Students also explore why the product of any two polynomials must itself be a polynomial and how the degrees of the factors relate to the degree of the product.

Section 1

General Polynomial Multiplication

Property

To find the product of two polynomials, multiply each term of the first polynomial by each term of the second polynomial, then combine any like terms.

Examples

Section 2

Multiply a Trinomial by a Binomial

Property

We are now ready to multiply a trinomial by a binomial.
Remember, FOIL will not work in this case, but we can use either the Distributive Property or the Vertical Method.
For the Vertical Method, it is easier to put the polynomial with fewer terms on the bottom because we get fewer partial products this way.

Examples

  • Using the Distributive Property: (x+2)(x2+3x+1)=x(x2+3x+1)+2(x2+3x+1)=x3+3x2+x+2x2+6x+2=x3+5x2+7x+2(x+2)(x^2+3x+1) = x(x^2+3x+1) + 2(x^2+3x+1) = x^3+3x^2+x+2x^2+6x+2 = x^3+5x^2+7x+2.
  • Using the Vertical Method for (y3)(y22y+5)(y-3)(y^2-2y+5): First, 3(y22y+5)=3y2+6y15-3(y^2-2y+5) = -3y^2+6y-15. Next, y(y22y+5)=y32y2+5yy(y^2-2y+5) = y^3-2y^2+5y. Adding them gives y35y2+11y15y^3 - 5y^2 + 11y - 15.
  • Using the Distributive Property: (2a1)(a2+4a3)=2a(a2+4a3)1(a2+4a3)=2a3+8a26aa24a+3=2a3+7a210a+3(2a-1)(a^2+4a-3) = 2a(a^2+4a-3) - 1(a^2+4a-3) = 2a^3+8a^2-6a-a^2-4a+3 = 2a^3+7a^2-10a+3.

Explanation

FOIL doesn't work here because there are more than four terms to multiply. Instead, use the Distributive Property or the Vertical Method. Both ensure that every term in the first polynomial multiplies every term in the second.

Section 3

The vertical method

Property

The Vertical Method for multiplying polynomials is analogous to multiplying whole numbers. Write one polynomial above the other. Multiply the top polynomial by each term of the bottom polynomial, creating partial products. Align like terms in columns and add the partial products to get the final answer.

Examples

  • To multiply (2x1)(3x+5)(2x-1)(3x+5) vertically, write 2x12x-1 above 3x+53x+5. First, 5(2x1)=10x55(2x-1) = 10x-5. Below that, write 3x(2x1)=6x23x3x(2x-1) = 6x^2-3x, aligning terms. Adding the columns gives 6x2+7x56x^2+7x-5.
  • Let's multiply (4y3)(y2)(4y-3)(y-2). Write 4y34y-3 on top. The first partial product is 2(4y3)=8y+6-2(4y-3) = -8y+6. The second is y(4y3)=4y23yy(4y-3) = 4y^2-3y. Adding them gives 4y211y+64y^2 - 11y + 6.

Lesson overview

Expand to review the lesson summary and core properties.

Expand

Section 1

General Polynomial Multiplication

Property

To find the product of two polynomials, multiply each term of the first polynomial by each term of the second polynomial, then combine any like terms.

Examples

Section 2

Multiply a Trinomial by a Binomial

Property

We are now ready to multiply a trinomial by a binomial.
Remember, FOIL will not work in this case, but we can use either the Distributive Property or the Vertical Method.
For the Vertical Method, it is easier to put the polynomial with fewer terms on the bottom because we get fewer partial products this way.

Examples

  • Using the Distributive Property: (x+2)(x2+3x+1)=x(x2+3x+1)+2(x2+3x+1)=x3+3x2+x+2x2+6x+2=x3+5x2+7x+2(x+2)(x^2+3x+1) = x(x^2+3x+1) + 2(x^2+3x+1) = x^3+3x^2+x+2x^2+6x+2 = x^3+5x^2+7x+2.
  • Using the Vertical Method for (y3)(y22y+5)(y-3)(y^2-2y+5): First, 3(y22y+5)=3y2+6y15-3(y^2-2y+5) = -3y^2+6y-15. Next, y(y22y+5)=y32y2+5yy(y^2-2y+5) = y^3-2y^2+5y. Adding them gives y35y2+11y15y^3 - 5y^2 + 11y - 15.
  • Using the Distributive Property: (2a1)(a2+4a3)=2a(a2+4a3)1(a2+4a3)=2a3+8a26aa24a+3=2a3+7a210a+3(2a-1)(a^2+4a-3) = 2a(a^2+4a-3) - 1(a^2+4a-3) = 2a^3+8a^2-6a-a^2-4a+3 = 2a^3+7a^2-10a+3.

Explanation

FOIL doesn't work here because there are more than four terms to multiply. Instead, use the Distributive Property or the Vertical Method. Both ensure that every term in the first polynomial multiplies every term in the second.

Section 3

The vertical method

Property

The Vertical Method for multiplying polynomials is analogous to multiplying whole numbers. Write one polynomial above the other. Multiply the top polynomial by each term of the bottom polynomial, creating partial products. Align like terms in columns and add the partial products to get the final answer.

Examples

  • To multiply (2x1)(3x+5)(2x-1)(3x+5) vertically, write 2x12x-1 above 3x+53x+5. First, 5(2x1)=10x55(2x-1) = 10x-5. Below that, write 3x(2x1)=6x23x3x(2x-1) = 6x^2-3x, aligning terms. Adding the columns gives 6x2+7x56x^2+7x-5.
  • Let's multiply (4y3)(y2)(4y-3)(y-2). Write 4y34y-3 on top. The first partial product is 2(4y3)=8y+6-2(4y-3) = -8y+6. The second is y(4y3)=4y23yy(4y-3) = 4y^2-3y. Adding them gives 4y211y+64y^2 - 11y + 6.