Learn on PengiIMPACT California Social Studies, Grade 8Chapter 3: The Spirit of Independence

Lesson 5: Declaring Independence

Grade 8 students in IMPACT California Social Studies examine the key events and decisions leading to American independence, including the role of the Second Continental Congress, the Olive Branch Petition, and the formation of the Continental Army under George Washington. The lesson focuses on how colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Thomas Jefferson worked to govern the colonies and respond to British aggression ahead of the formal drafting of the Declaration of Independence. Students analyze the four parts of the Declaration and explore what motivated the colonists to pursue a complete break from Great Britain.

Section 1

The Second Continental Congress: War and Peace

Key Idea

When the Second Continental Congress met in 1775, colonial leaders were divided. Many still hoped to repair their relationship with Great Britain. As a final attempt at a peaceful resolution, the Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III, pledging loyalty and asking him to protect their rights.

At the same time, the delegates prepared for a potential war. They established the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as its commander. This dual strategy showed that while the colonists preferred peace, they were ready to fight for their rights if necessary.

Section 2

Colonists Force a British Retreat

Key Idea

While political debates continued, the new Continental Army took action. Under the command of George Washington, colonial forces trapped the British army in Boston. This long standoff was known as the Siege of Boston.

In a bold overnight move, Washington’s troops fortified Dorchester Heights, a high point overlooking the city. They placed cannons there, giving them a commanding position over the British ships and soldiers below.

Section 3

Shift in Public Opinion: Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Key Idea

After the first battles of the war, many colonists were still unsure about leaving Great Britain. While angry at British policies, the idea of complete independence was a radical and frightening step for most.

In January 1776, writer Thomas Paine published a powerful pamphlet called Common Sense. He used simple language to argue that it was illogical for a king thousands of miles away to rule the colonies. He urged Americans to break away and create a new, free society.

Section 4

Applying Enlightenment Ideas: The Declaration of Independence

Key Idea

After deciding to separate from Great Britain, the American colonies needed to explain their reasons to the world. Congress chose Thomas Jefferson to write a formal document explaining this decision.

Jefferson was inspired by the Enlightenment. He included ideas from thinkers like John Locke, arguing that all people have rights and that governments exist to protect those rights.

Lesson overview

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Section 1

The Second Continental Congress: War and Peace

Key Idea

When the Second Continental Congress met in 1775, colonial leaders were divided. Many still hoped to repair their relationship with Great Britain. As a final attempt at a peaceful resolution, the Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III, pledging loyalty and asking him to protect their rights.

At the same time, the delegates prepared for a potential war. They established the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as its commander. This dual strategy showed that while the colonists preferred peace, they were ready to fight for their rights if necessary.

Section 2

Colonists Force a British Retreat

Key Idea

While political debates continued, the new Continental Army took action. Under the command of George Washington, colonial forces trapped the British army in Boston. This long standoff was known as the Siege of Boston.

In a bold overnight move, Washington’s troops fortified Dorchester Heights, a high point overlooking the city. They placed cannons there, giving them a commanding position over the British ships and soldiers below.

Section 3

Shift in Public Opinion: Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Key Idea

After the first battles of the war, many colonists were still unsure about leaving Great Britain. While angry at British policies, the idea of complete independence was a radical and frightening step for most.

In January 1776, writer Thomas Paine published a powerful pamphlet called Common Sense. He used simple language to argue that it was illogical for a king thousands of miles away to rule the colonies. He urged Americans to break away and create a new, free society.

Section 4

Applying Enlightenment Ideas: The Declaration of Independence

Key Idea

After deciding to separate from Great Britain, the American colonies needed to explain their reasons to the world. Congress chose Thomas Jefferson to write a formal document explaining this decision.

Jefferson was inspired by the Enlightenment. He included ideas from thinkers like John Locke, arguing that all people have rights and that governments exist to protect those rights.