Which transformation does the value $a = 5$ apply to the parent function $y = 4^x$ in $f(x) = 5 \cdot 4^x$?

Vertical stretch by a factor of 5

Vertical compression by a factor of 5

Horizontal stretch by a factor of 5

The graph of $f(x) = -3 \cdot 5^x$ is best described as which transformation of $y = 5^x$?

Vertically stretched by 3 and reflected across the $x$-axis

Vertically compressed by 3 and reflected across the $x$-axis

Vertically stretched by 3 and reflected across the $y$-axis

Vertically compressed by 3 with no reflection