Which of the following best describes the social structure of the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam?

A unified empire governed by a single king

A collection of independent and competing tribes

Small, isolated farming villages with no central authority

City-states that were primarily focused on sea trade

What was a primary reason for Mecca's growth into a prosperous city before the 7th century?

It had abundant rainfall that supported large-scale agriculture.

Its strategic position as a crossroads for major caravan trade routes.

It was the capital of the powerful Persian empire's territory in Arabia.

It was protected by surrounding mountains, making it safe from all conflict.

An empty hall for silent meditation.

A single holy book that all people read from.

Statues and symbols representing numerous gods.

Merchants selling goods inside the main building.