During the late Roman Republic, why did the loyalty of many soldiers shift from the state to individual generals?

The Senate passed a law requiring soldiers to swear personal oaths to their commanders.

Generals began providing their soldiers with pay and promises of land after service.

Foreign kings paid Roman soldiers to support specific generals against the Senate.

The Republic's government was officially disbanded, leaving generals in charge.

How did Julius Caesar ultimately gain supreme control over the Roman Republic in 49 B.C.E.?

He was appointed by a council of foreign kings.

He used his loyal army to defeat his rivals in a civil war.

He was chosen in a peaceful election by all Roman citizens.

The Senate gave him the position to prevent further conflict.

The Republic was peacefully restored to its former glory.

The army was disbanded to prevent any more civil wars.

A new power struggle and another civil war broke out.

Caesar's son was immediately and peacefully named ruler.