What was the primary secular reason that rulers like Emperor Henry IV were so determined to control the appointment of bishops?

Bishops were powerful landowners.

Bishops were required to personally lead the king's armies into battle.

The king needed a bishop's formal blessing to pass any new legislation.

Only bishops could read and write, making them essential administrators.

Beyond its spiritual influence, what underlying factor contributed significantly to the Church's power and its clash with secular rulers during this period?

Its control of all major universities

Its monopoly on long-distance trade

Its massive ownership of land across Europe

Its secret alliance with the Byzantine Empire

Appoint bishops and other high-ranking church officials

Collect taxes from the general population

Crown the next Holy Roman Emperor

He was forced to abdicate his throne immediately.

He launched a successful military invasion of Rome.

He faced a rebellion from his own nobles who no longer had to be loyal.

He had to give one-third of his kingdom's land to the Church.