What was the primary purpose of the black codes enacted by Southern states following the Civil War?

To provide economic assistance and education to formerly enslaved people.

To enforce federal laws protecting the civil rights of all citizens.

To control the labor and movement of newly freed African Americans.

To prepare Southern states for the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Many black codes included laws that specifically targeted unemployed African Americans by...

offering them free land in the West.

allowing officials to arrest them and force them into labor.

providing them with extensive job training and placement services.

giving them priority for government positions.

They were often forced back into labor systems controlled by white employers.

They received financial payments from state governments for their past enslavement.

They gained the ability to easily purchase and own large farms.

They were given priority for jobs in building new public infrastructure.

guaranteed all people equal protection under the law.

gave African Americans the right to vote in federal elections.

severely restricted the economic freedom and personal liberty of freedmen.

encouraged the growth of African American-owned businesses.

They concluded that stronger federal action was needed to protect African Americans.

They supported President Johnson's view that states should handle these issues.

They decided to withdraw federal troops from the South immediately.

They agreed that the codes were a necessary step for maintaining order.