In John Gast's painting *American Progress*, what does the central angelic figure, Columbia, primarily represent?

European monarchy and tradition

American progress and civilization

The military authority of the federal government

How are Native Americans depicted in the western, darker portion of John Gast's *American Progress*?

As welcoming the pioneers and their new technologies.

As fleeing westward from the advance of the settlers.

As being successfully integrated into the new American society.

As fighting a powerful war of resistance against the pioneers.

Bring civilization to an untamed land

Exploit natural resources for eastern factories

Seek scientific knowledge about unknown species

Escape the political corruption of eastern cities

To criticize the environmental impact of westward expansion.

To justify the concept of Manifest Destiny and American expansion.

To document the daily life of Native American tribes accurately.

To promote peace and cooperation between settlers and indigenous peoples.