What was the primary economic effect on Europe when soldiers returned from the Crusades?

A decline in the power of Italian city-states

An increased demand for goods from the Middle East

The strengthening of the feudal manor system's isolation

A complete stop to all trade with Eastern territories

How did the economic changes stemming from the Crusades impact the social structure of medieval Europe?

They reinforced the isolation of manors by making them more self-sufficient.

They led to the decline of cities as people moved to the countryside.

They contributed to the growth of towns and weakened the feudal system.

They eliminated the merchant class in favor of a barter-based economy.

Potatoes and tomatoes from the Americas

Spices like pepper and cinnamon

Iron and coal from Northern Europe