The new religious culture in West Africa combined core Islamic beliefs, such as the Five Pillars, with which of the following?

Laws from the ancient Roman Empire.

Pre-existing local spiritual traditions.

Christian ideas from European traders.

Scientific methods from Greek philosophy.

If a West African ruler began to observe the Five Pillars of Islam but also continued to participate in ceremonies honoring family ancestors, what would this situation demonstrate?

A complete rejection of all traditional culture.

The blending of Islamic and local religious practices.

The failure of Islam to gain any followers in the region.

A declaration of war against Muslim merchants.

using charms and amulets for protection.

observing the Five Pillars of Islam.

worshipping the spirits of the natural world.

passing leadership through the king's sister.

Performing daily prayers facing Mecca.

Reading the Qur'an in its original Arabic.

Celebrating the festival of Eid al-Fitr.

Holding rituals for ancestral spirits.

A new, unique culture that combined elements from both traditions.

The complete disappearance of all traditional West African beliefs.

A long period of religious wars that destroyed the trade routes.

The widespread rejection of Islam by nearly all West African rulers.