The rise of powerful and wealthy city-states with impressive 'stonetowns' on the East African coast was a direct result of what?

Their ability to conquer inland empires

The profits generated from maritime trade

The support they received from European kingdoms

Their invention of new agricultural tools

The term 'stonetowns' refers to what feature of the Swahili city-states?

Massive walls built for defense against invaders

Large, multistory houses built from stone

Religious temples carved from single rocks

Paved roads that connected different cities

Controlling overland trade routes across the Sahara

Accessing freshwater from major rivers

Participating in the Indian Ocean trade network

Defending against attacks from the sea

Military conquest by European powers

The discovery of large gold mines

A shift to farming in the desert

Extensive trade across the Indian Ocean