In the 15th century, the traditional overland trade routes for Asian goods were largely dominated by various merchants and what major empire?

The newly formed Russian Empire

In the 1400s, what was a primary reason for the high cost of Asian luxury goods, such as spices, in Europe?

Asian kingdoms refused to trade directly with European merchants, requiring expensive gifts.

The goods passed through multiple merchants, including the Ottoman Empire and Italian city-states, who each increased the price.

The primary sea routes around Africa were blocked by pirates, forcing reliance on more expensive options.

European kings imposed extremely heavy taxes on all imported goods from Asia to fund their armies.

To establish a military alliance with Asian empires against the Ottomans.

To bypass the trade monopolies held by the Ottoman Empire and Italian merchants, thereby lowering costs.

To discover new sources of gold and silver in Asia to fund European wars.

To conquer Asian territories and force them to produce goods exclusively for Europe.